我亲爱的小冤家Netherlands Warns of Energy Crisis ‘Domino Effect’ That Could Consume Whole of Europe_我的网站
A | Individual European nations achieving gas security by stocking up their underground storage facility reserves to 80 percent or more of their capacity won’t stop an energy crisis across the region unless the bloc collectively reaches this figure, Dutch Energy Minister Rob Jetten has warned.,“It’s great if individual member states are able to fill their gas storages before November 1, but if other countries are not able to reach 80 percent – and especially big countries like Germany – then you have to be aware that this will be a domino effect for the whole of Europe,” Jetten told Politico on the sidelines of the EU’s Energy Council meeting on Monday.,Jetten promised that Amsterdam would show “solidarity” with its neighbors if Russia-sourced gas supplies were cut off, but indicated that it would only consider increasing production at the Groningen – Europe’s largest gas field, if all other measures proved insufficient.,“Only in the situation with all countries in the northwestern Europe in phase three [of their emergency plans], and having taken all the other measures you can take to prevent gas shortages, then we can consider production,” the minister said.,The decades-long extraction of gas from the massive Groningen field has been complicated by earthquakes scaring local residents and damaging property, with Amsterdam previously promising to shut down the field in the coming years. The self-inflicted energy price hike facing Europe has led to speculation that the field’s operation could be extended. However, Jetten insisted that under current plans, the field would be shut down by next year or in 2024 at the latest.,For now though, instead of expanding drilling in Groningen, Amsterdam has resorted to burning more coal, and is preparing to announce plans to build a pair of nuclear power plants. Additionally, Amsterdam and Berlin have reached a cooperation pact to jointly search for gas in the North Sea, with hopes that production of any reserves that are tapped can begin in 2024.,Jetten admitted that “quitting” the Groningen field will mean “a huge drop in national gas production from the Netherlands. Everything we’re doing in the North Sea with the smaller fields, it’s not comparable with what we did in Groningen. So net gas production in the Netherlands will go down at a very high pace,” he said.,European countries are scrambling to juggle the next-to-impossible task of shoring up their underground gas storage reserves while dramatically scaling down Russian energy deliveries. Last month, Germany’s Julich Research Centre calculated that without Russian gas, filling up the storage tanks and continuing to operate industry as normal in normal economic conditions may be mathematically impossible to accomplish.,EU Can’t Fill Winter Gas Reserves, Simultaneously Operate Industry Without Russian Supplies: Report1 May, 13:38 GMT,Earlier this month, energy specialists told Bloomberg that instead of filling up reserves in the summer months, EU countries are actually chipping away at their reserves. Gas Infrastructure Europe, a Brussels-based organization representing infrastructure operators across the bloc, keeps up to date tabs on European countries’ storage facilities’ status. According to GIE figures, storage facilities are just 56.97 full at present, with the United Kingdom and Poland boasting the highest ratings, of 95 and 97 percent, respectively, while the tanks of Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary and Sweden at sitting at between 27-37 percent of capacity.,Last month, Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed regret that Moscow’s European Union partners had decided to cut down on the purchase of Russian energy “under pressure from their American overlords,” and characterized the move as a form of economic “suicide.”,“One gets the impression that our Western colleagues, politicians and economists have simply forgotten the foundations of the elementary laws of economics, or, to their detriment, prefer to deliberately ignore them,” Putin said. Putin predicted that higher energy prices will severely undermine the European Union’s economic competitiveness vis-à-vis other regions of the world.,Russia’s energy exports have yet to show signs of being affected by the EU and US energy ban, with state energy companies reporting record profits as prices climb and supplies are shifted to other markets.,European Firms Double Shipments of Russian Oil In Spite of Sanctions–Report8 June, 03:41 GMT。 新西兰先驱报中文网 Kenny 报道 2月7日，新西兰人刚过完国庆，最高法院就做出了一项里程碑式判决。 判决的一方是北岛毛利部落长老Mike John Smith，另一方是新西兰温室气体排放最大的七家企业。Smith主张这些排放大户违反了毛利行为准则（tikanga），给他的家族还有部落的土地、淡水以及文化带来负面影响，他要求企业承担气候变化的侵权责任。 Advertise with us 之前高等法院以“于法无据”驳回了这起诉讼，但最高法院又推翻了高等法院的判决。 根据最高法院判决，高等法院应该受理本案，Smith接下来有权向高等法院陈述完整案情。也就是说，这场气候变化官司终于可以开打了——虽然它的过程注定漫长。 新西兰最高法院的判决已经引起国际社会关注。DLA Piper律师事务所合伙人Daniel Street表示，它“可能为国际气候变化诉讼开辟一条新路”。 此前法院根据侵权法往往对此类诉讼不予受理，“因为侵权需要明确个体损害”，而个人很难说清楚地球温度升高一两度会给自己带来怎样的损失。
B | Street说“如果Smith先生能够成功回答被告排放给他的土地和财产造成了哪些伤害，接下来就可以开始考虑补偿了”。 至于用仅存在于毛利文化中的tikanga来作为环境违法依据，则是新西兰司法史上的头一回。 排放七大家 2019年，Smith以Ngāpuhi部落和Ngāti Kahu部落长老的身份，起诉新西兰碳排放量最高的七家企业。 这七家企业分别是： 新西兰最大市值公司、乳制品跨国巨头恒天然合作社； 作为恒天然最大供奶商和大股东的乳业有限公司（Dairy Holdings）； 经营全国最大火力发电站（Huntly）的Genesis能源公司； 经营Glenbrook钢厂的新西兰钢铁有限公司； 拥有全国最多加油站的Z能源公司； 全国最大燃油进口和供应商Channel Infrastructure（新西兰）； 拥有全国最大露天煤矿（Stockton Mine）的BT矿业公司。 这些企业的碳排放加起来，占了新西兰每年总排放的三分之一。 Smith认为，以上被告的经营活动存在三种形式的“侵权”：公害、疏忽和被描述为“损害气候系统”的一种全新民事侵权。 前两个诉讼理由——公害和疏忽——在普通法中由来已久。
C | 像最高法院就指出，早在19世纪工业革命时期，就有人以公共环境受到污染发起诉讼和理赔。这些案件可以直接适用普通法的侵权原则。 但问题是，气候变化给人类生存带来的长期挑战，是否可以被用来支持某个具体人的具体权利受到了损害？因此，“损害气候系统”是一种有待界定的全新侵权行为。 企业律师团的关键论点之一是，由于气候变化是极其复杂的系统性问题，法院“不适合处理”此类案件。他们认为法院应该将这一问题留给政客。也就是说，这是一个立法问题而非司法问题。
D | 但最高法院驳回了这一观点。判决称在缺少成文法明确界定的情况下，司法途径本身是有“普通法运作、发展和衍变空间的”。换而言之，就算普通法没有关于“损害气候系统”的侵权规定，法院也可以与时俱进的进行释法。 因果关系挑战 但Smith案的最大问题在于确认气候变化和个人损害的因果关系，这也是各国气候变化诉讼的最大绊脚石。 被告通常辩称，没有任何证据表明其排放（哪怕量很大）和原告所遭受的气候相关损害存在明显的联系。
E | 比如Smith案七家企业的碳排放虽然占了新西兰总排放的30%，但新西兰的排放量仅占全球排放量的不到0.2%。正如高等法院法官在最初判决里说的：“被告对……全球排放的贡献量微乎其微”；由于气候变化是一个全球现象，接受Smith的主张意味着七家企业“将承担不成比例的法律责任，远远超出了它们对全球温室气体排放的贡献”。 最高法院的判决没有涉及到因果关系，只是建议给因果关系留下商榷的余地（也就是说，需要开庭辩论），以便更好了解气候变化等现代环境问题的本质。 Smith的部分立场是：不应该由他来证明企业行为给他的土地和财产造成了损害；而应该由法律去测试这些企业是否严重影响了气候变化，从而明确它们是否应当承担民事责任。 最高法院部分承认这一立场的合理性——因为如果连庭都不开，连案都没有立，永远也无法厘清这些问题。 什么是tikanga？ Smith案与海外类似诉讼最大的区别，在于它引入了被称为“tikanga”的毛利概念。 惠灵顿维多利亚大学对它给出的解释是：这是一种毛利风俗和行为，它源自毛利语“tika”（正确），也就是说从事正确的行为和做正确的事。
F | tikanga算法律吗？最高法院在最近的判决中，不但接受和适用了这一概念，并且认为tikanga是“新西兰第一法律”（first law of New Zealand）。
G | 本案也遵循了这种做法，承认Smith案件有相当大部分依据是建立在tikanga原则之上。 Smith主张他的家人和子孙都承受了企业排放造成的损失。这些排放包括历史的、现在的和未来的；损失包括海平面上升侵蚀他的家族土地、海洋变暖酸化破坏毛利传统捕鱼、土地松动影响家族墓穴等等。为减少损失，他要求企业减少排放。 他说他不仅是代表自己提起诉讼，“而且作为一名看护者（kaitiaki），也代表了大地（whileua）、淡水（wai）和海洋（moana）”，因此最高法院表示“完全无法回避对tikanga的提及和适用”。 随着Smith的诉讼请求被恢复，原被告都将返回最高法院。他们将提交证据、准备辩论和交叉询问，本案也有望成为新西兰关注度最高的气候变化个人诉讼，让我们拭目以待吧！ (图片均来源于Getty) 相关阅读： 奥克兰中区淹水地块上建24套新房 附近邻居：“简直是愚蠢” 震惊！受洪灾房产价值可下跌30%到60%！奥克兰近1/4贷款房屋面临洪水风险！ 六个月过去了，奥克兰受飓风影响的社区仍是“灾区” 奥克兰洪灾：房子多次被淹后整条街成“鬼城”，居民请求政府组织撤离 经评估，奥克兰共有6905所房子遭灾，哪三个地区最严重？ 注：凡引用、摘录或转自其他媒体的作品， 本网对其观点、真实性和知识产权恕不负责。致力于帮助文章传播，希望能够与作者建立长期合作关系。若有任何问题请联系[email protected]。 chineseherald.co.nz All Rights Reserved 版权所有 (责编：鸮鹦鹉) 相关内容 警惕！科罗曼德尔一养老院爆发严重流感疫情，致六人死亡 奥克兰这家超市也发现老鼠！视频曝光...... 新西兰政坛巨头联合发声：关于中国，请奉行独立外交政策！ 新西兰这波疫情高峰过了吗？93%的感染是由于这一变种 AT无视成本大把花钱：一个交通项目建28个人行横道 火车频繁取消，奥克兰市长怒斥交通部门大佬：都是借口！ 还能65岁退休吗？以后领新西兰退休金要先收入测试？ 您有一份邀请函待接收！国会议员邀您共庆龙年。
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